PSI-7976 和 PSI-7977 这两种非对映异构体在 HCV 复制子测试中被认为是 HCV RNA 复制的更有效抑制剂，将 PSI-7976 和 PSI-7977 组合在一起，得到 PSI-7851。与 PSI-7977 相比，PSI-7976 更容易被羧酸酯酶 1 (CES1) 水解。此外，根据动力学数据，PSI-7976 是比组织蛋白酶 A (CatA) 更有效的 CES1 底物 [1]。

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sofosbuvir is a white to off-white crystalline solid. Sofosbuvir is a direct-acting antiviral agent (pan-genotypic polymerase inhibitor) against the hepatitis C virus. It is used in conjunction with other antiviral agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1, 2, 3, or 4 infections in adults, including those with hepatocellular carcinoma awaiting liver transplantation and those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. Sofosbuvir must be used as part of a multiple-drug regimen and should not be used alone for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The highest documented dose of sofosbuvir was a single supratherapeutic dose of sofosbuvir 1200 mg administered to 59 healthy subjects. There were no untoward effects observed at this dose level, and adverse events were similar in frequency and severity to those reported in the placebo and sofosbuvir 400 mg treatment groups. Sofosbuvir did not induce chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: Single dose toxicity study was performed with GS-9851/PSI-7851 (the diastereomeric mixture) in rats. No mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, macroscopic pathology, or organ weight changes for liver and kidney up to a highest dose of 1,800 mg/kg. Sofosbuvir or GS-9851, a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of sofosbuvir and its stereoisomer, were evaluated in repeat-dose oral toxicity studies up to 13 weeks in mice, 26 weeks in rats, and 39 weeks in dogs. The primary target organs identified were the cardiovascular, hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal (GI) and hematopoietic (erythroid) systems. In the 7-day toxicity studies with GS-9851 doses of 2000 mg/kg/day in the rat and 1500 mg/kg/day in the dog resulted (but were not limited to) in increased mucus secretions in the stomach, glycogen depletion, and increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin, with associated histopathologic liver findings in dogs; and heart adverse effects in rats (e.g., multifocal cardiac myofiber degeneration) and dogs (e.g., increased QT/QTc intervals). Findings in the liver and heart were not observed in long-term studies with GS-9851 or sofosbuvir. In chronic toxicity studies in rats (26 weeks) and dogs (39 weeks), effects included (but were not limited to) GI-related clinical signs (e.g., soft feces and emesis) and a decrease (e.g., approximately 10%) in mean red cell indices that were observed mainly in the high-dose group of dogs. Sofosbuvir had no effects on embryo-fetal viability or on fertility when evaluated in rats. No teratogenic effects were observed in rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies with sofosbuvir. It had no adverse effects on behavior, reproduction, or development of the offspring in the rat pre- and post-natal development study. At the highest dose tested, exposure to the predominant circulating metabolite GS-331007 was at least 8-fold the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Fertility was normal in the offspring of rats exposed daily from before birth (in utero) through lactation day 20 at daily GS-331007 exposures (AUC) of approximately 12-fold higher than human exposures at the recommended clinical dose. Two-year carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were conducted with sofosbuvir. Mice were administered doses of up to 200 mg/kg/day in males and 600 mg/kg/day in females, while rats were administered doses of up to 750 mg/kg/day in males and females. No increase in the incidence of drug-related neoplasms were observed at the highest doses tested in mice and rats, resulting in AUC exposure to the predominant circulating metabolite GS-331007 of approximately 7- and 30-fold (in mice) and 13- and 17-fold (in rats), in males and females respectively, the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Sofosbuvir was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, and in vivo mouse micronucleus assays.

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Interactions
Concomitant use of rifampin, a potent inducer of P-gp in the intestine, and sofosbuvir may cause decreased plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir and GS-331007 and may lead to decreased therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir. Rifampin and sofosbuvir should not be used concomitantly.
Rifabutin is expected to cause decreased plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir and GS-331007, which may lead to decreased therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir. Concomitant use of rifabutin and sofosbuvir is not recommended.
When used concomitantly with sofosbuvir, certain anticonvulsants (i.e., carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin) are expected to decrease plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir and GS-331007, which may lead to decreased therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir. Concomitant use of these anticonvulsants and sofosbuvir is not recommended.
Sofosbuvir is a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); GS-331007 is not a BCRP substrate. Inhibitors of BCRP may cause increased plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir without increasing plasma concentrations of GS-331007. Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 are not BCRP inhibitors; pharmacokinetic interactions are unlikely with drugs that are BCRP substrates.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for Sofosbuvir (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Mechanism of activation of PSI-7851 and its diastereoisomer PSI-7977. J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 5;285(45):34337-47.

Therapeutic Uses
Sovaldi is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen. /Included in US product label/
The following points should be considered when initiating treatment with Sovaldi: Monotherapy of Sovaldi is not recommended for treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Treatment regimen and duration are dependent on both viral genotype and patient population. Treatment response varies based on baseline host and viral factors.

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Drug Warnings
FDA is warning that serious slowing of the heart rate can occur when the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone is taken together with either the hepatitis C drug Harvoni (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir) or with Sovaldi (sofosbuvir) taken in combination with another direct acting antiviral for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. FDA is adding information about serious slowing of the heart rate, known as symptomatic bradycardia, to the Harvoni and Sovaldi labels. FDA is recommending that health care professionals should not prescribe either Harvoni or Sovaldi combined with another direct acting antiviral, such as the investigational drug daclatasvir or Olysio (simeprevir), with amiodarone. FDA review of submitted postmarketing adverse event reports found that patients can develop a serious and life-threatening symptomatic bradycardia when either Harvoni or Sovaldi combined with another direct-acting antiviral is taken together with amiodarone. The reports included the death of one patient due to cardiac arrest and three patients requiring placement of a pacemaker to regulate their heart rhythms. The other patients recovered after discontinuing either the hepatitis C drugs or amiodarone, or both. The cause of these events could not be determined. FDA will continue to monitor Harvoni and Sovaldi for risks of serious symptomatic bradycardia and further investigate the reason why the use of amiodarone with these hepatitis C drugs led to the heart-related events.
Concomitant use of sofosbuvir with drugs that are potent inducers of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport system in the intestine (e.g., rifampin, St. John's wort) is not recommended since this may result in substantially decreased sofosbuvir plasma concentrations and could lead to reduced therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir.
Anemia has been reported in patients receiving sofosbuvir in conjunction with ribavirin or in conjunction with peginterferon alfa andribavirin. In clinical trials, anemia was reported in 21% of patients who received 12 weeks of treatment with sofosbuvir, peginterferon alfa, and ribavirin compared with 12% of patients who received 24 weeks of treatment with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin without sofosbuvir. In addition, hemoglobin concentrations less than 10 g/dL were reported in 23% of patients who received 12 weeks of treatment with sofosbuvir, peginterferon alfa, and ribavirin compared with 14% of patients who received 24 weeks of treatment with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin without sofosbuvir.
Adverse effects reported in more than 20% of patients receiving sofosbuvir in conjunction with ribavirin and peginterferon alfa include fatigue, headache, nausea, insomnia, and anemia.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Sofosbuvir (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

C22H29FN3O9P

529.45

529.163

1190308-01-0

Sofosbuvir;1190307-88-0;Sofosbuvir impurity C;1496552-28-3;Sofosbuvir impurity A;1496552-16-9;Sofosbuvir-d6;1868135-06-1;Sofosbuvir-13C,d3

45375809

White to off-white solid powder

2.047

167.99

3

11

11

36

913

6

C[C@@H](C(=O)OC(C)C)NP(=O)(OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@]([C@@H](O1)N2C=CC(=O)NC2=O)(C)F)O)OC3=CC=CC=C3

TTZHDVOVKQGIBA-IAAJYNJHSA-N

InChI=1S/C22H29FN3O9P/c1-13(2)33-19(29)14(3)25-36(31,35-15-8-6-5-7-9-15)32-12-16-18(28)22(4,23)20(34-16)26-11-10-17(27)24-21(26)30/h5-11,13-14,16,18,20,28H,12H2,1-4H3,(H,25,31)(H,24,27,30)/t14-,16+,18+,20+,22+,36?/m0/s1

propan-2-yl (2S)-2-[[[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-methyloxolan-2-yl]methoxy-phenoxyphosphoryl]amino]propanoate

psi-7976 psi7976 psi 7976

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。