Sterculic acid   中文名称: 苹婆酸

delta-9 desaturase 0.9 μM (IC50)

梧桐酸（SA）是一种环丙烯脂肪酸，最早在胖大海植物的种子中发现，具有广泛的生物活性[2]。链霉素可降低肾上腺髓质素表达（AP、RP、APS、IML，准备中）[2]。此外，链球菌的保护和抗炎作用可以由它介导[2]。肺炎链球菌通过阻止黄体酮的合成，对绵羊具有强烈的黄体溶解作用，导致黄体退化[2]。

由于硬脂酸可降低体内硬脂酰辅酶 A 去饱和酶 1 (SCD1) 的活性，因此有人建议将其作为代谢综合征 (MS) 的可能治疗方法 [3]。

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
STERCULIC ACID IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING CYCLOPROPENOID FATTY ACID. THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM STERCULIC ACID, LABELED ON 9,10-METHYLENE C OF THE CYCLOPROPENE RING, WAS INVESTIGATED IN TROUT, S GAIRDNERI. OF THE ADMIN DOSE, 50% WAS EXCRETED IN FECES & URINE BY 168 HR, BUT LESS THAN 1% OF THE DOSE WAS EXPIRED AS CO2 DURING THE SAME TIME PERIOD. INCORPORATION OF RADIOACTIVITY INTO MOST ORGANS PEAKED AT 119 HR & THE MAJORITY OF THE LABEL IN THE LIVER WAS IN THE FATTY ACID PORTION OF THE LIPID FRACTION. RAINBOW TROUT READILY ABSORB, TRANSPORT & INCORPORATE STERCULIC ACID INTO TISSUE LIPID, INCL MEMBRANE LIPID, BUT CANNOT OXIDIZE THE METHYLENE C OF THE CYCLOPROPENOID TO CO2.

Interactions
AFLATOXIN Q1 (AFQ), A BIOTRANSFORMATION METABOLITE OF AFLATOXIN B1 (AFB), IS FORMED IN VITRO BY HUMAN & MONKEY LIVER MICROSOMES. AFQ WAS FED TO DUPLICATE LOTS OF 80 RAINBOW TROUT FINGERLINGS @ 100 PPB IN A SEMI-PURIFIED TEST DIET FOR 10 MONTHS. ADDNL LOTS WERE FED 100 PPB AFQ PLUS 50 PPM STERCULIC ACID, & 50 PPM CYCLOPROPENE FATTY ACID (CPFA), 4 PPB AFB & THE BASAL TEST DIET TO SERVE AS CONTROLS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA INCIDENCES @ 12 MONTHS WERE AS FOLLOWS: 100 PPB AFQ- 12/114 (10.6%); 4 PPB AFB- 55/114 (48.2%); 50 PPM CPFA- 44/107 (41.1%); 100 PPB AFQ PLUS 50 PPM CPFA (STERCULIC ACID)- 106/119 (89.1%) & CONTROL 0/120 (0%). RESULTS ESTABLISH THE CARCINOGENICITY OF AFQ TO RAINBOW TROUT, THE SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION BETWEEN AFQ & CPFA & INDICATE THAT AFQ IS A POTENT LIVER CARCINOGEN ABOUT 100 TIMES LESS CARCINOGENIC THAN AFB.
RAINBOW TROUT FED A DIET CONTAINING 20 UG OCHRATOXIN A PER KG OF DIET, TOGETHER WITH STERCULIC ACID, DEVELOPED HEPATOMAS (NUMBER UNSPECIFIED). NO TUMORS WERE OBSERVED WHEN OCHRATOXIN A WAS FED ALONE AT CONCN OF 16, 32, OR 64 UG/KG OF DIET FOR 8 MONTHS.
RAINBOW TROUT FED A DIET CONTAINING 200 PPM OF STERCULIC ACID & MALVALIC ACID, SUBSTANCES THAT GREATLY INCR THE SENSITIVITY OF TROUT LIVER CELLS TO CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN B1. AFTER 4 WK, PECULIAR CLEFT-LIKE STRIATIONS APPEARED IN CYTOPLASM OF HEPATOCYTES. THESE ALTERATIONS BECAME PROGRESSIVELY MORE FREQUENT & MARKED WITH CONTINUED FEEDING OF DIET. AT 8 & 12 WK, ROUGH-SURFACED ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CONTAINED MANY PARALLEL ARRAYS & WHORLED PROFILES OF MEMBRANE MATERIAL. GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN LIVER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED.
IN MALE WEANLING RATS FED BASAL DIETS OF SATURATED OR UNSATURATED FAT, THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONS WERE MADE: BASAL DIET; AFLATOXIN B1 @ 1.7 PPM; STERCULIC ACID @ 210 PPM; & AFLATOXIN B1 @ 1.7 PPM, PLUS STERCULIC ACID @ 210 PPM. RATS CONSUMED THESE DIETS FOR 2 MONTHS & THEREAFTER WERE FED UNSUPPLEMENTED BASAL DIET UNTIL SACRIFICE 9 MONTHS LATER. GROWTH WAS DEPRESSED IN ALL RATS GIVEN DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS BUT NO SYNERGISTIC INHIBITION WAS OBSERVED, REGARDLESS OF FAT SOURCE. LIVER WEIGHT DOUBLED IN RESPONSE TO AFLATOXIN; HOWEVER, ONLY WHEN DIET CONTAINED UNSATURATED FAT DID STERCULIC ACID, IN COMBINATION WITH AFLATOXIN, EXAGGERATE THE INCREASE IN LIVER WEIGHT. IN RATS FED SATURATED FAT DIET, AFLATOXIN ADMIN TO RATS FED THE CONTROL OR STERCULIC ACID SUPPLEMENT DIETS RESULTED IN MARKED INCREASE IN PLASMA CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; THE UNSATURATED FAT DIETS, SUPPLEMENTED WITH AFLATOXIN, EVOKED A SLIGHT INCREASE IN PLASMA CHOLESTEROL CONTENT WHICH WAS NULLIFIED BY STERCULIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION.

[1]. A multiplexed cell assay in HepG2 cells for the identification of delta-5, delta-6, and delta-9 desaturase and elongase inhibitors. J Biomol Screen. 2010 Feb;15(2):169-76.

[2]. Sterculic Acid: The Mechanisms of Action beyond Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Inhibition and Therapeutic Opportunities in Human Diseases. Cells. 2020 Jan 7;9(1):140.

[3]. Preventive Action of Sterculic Oil on Metabolic Syndrome Development on a Fructose-Induced Rat Model. J Med Food. 2020 Mar;23(3):305-311.

Sterculic acid is a long-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid composed of 9-octadecenoic acid having a 9,10-cyclopropenyl group. It is a cyclopropenyl fatty acid, a long-chain fatty acid and a monounsaturated fatty acid. It is functionally related to an octadec-9-enoic acid.
Sterculic acid has been reported in Crotalaria retusa, Gnetum parvifolium, and other organisms with data available.

C19H34O2

294.47

294.255

738-87-4

12921

Colorless to light yellow liquid

0.9±0.1 g/cm3

418.7±24.0 °C at 760 mmHg

315.4±18.0 °C

0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C

1.487

7.72

37.3

1

2

15

21

318

0

CCCCCCCCC1CC=1CCCCCCCC(=O)O

PQRKPYLNZGDCFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C19H34O2/c1-2-3-4-5-7-10-13-17-16-18(17)14-11-8-6-9-12-15-19(20)21/h2-16H2,1H3,(H,20,21)

8-(2-octylcyclopropen-1-yl)octanoic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Ethanol: < 1 mg/mL
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。