FXR (EC50: 99 nM)

在大鼠肝细胞中，奥贝胆酸 (INT-747) 会提高 FXR 调节基因的表达[1]。奥贝胆酸 (INT-747) 可降低肝脏 JNK-1 和 JNK-2 表达[2]。在每个检查的菌株中，256 μg/mL 的奥贝胆酸 (INT-747) 完全抑制细菌生长。将INT-747添加到暴露于IFN-γ的Caco-2细胞的肠上皮中后，肠通透性没有改变[3]。

奥贝胆酸(INT-747)（10 毫克/公斤/天）完全逆转了 E217α 引起的胆汁淤积。通过提高 β-MCA、TCDCA 和 TDCA 的相对丰度，奥贝胆酸(INT-747)的给药可部分逆转 E217α 引起的总胆汁酸分泌受损[1]。在小鼠中，奥贝胆酸 (INT-747)7 (10 mg/kg) 和 HS 会加剧肺充血。在接受 HS 治疗的动物中，INT-747 不会改善肾脏病理学[2]。在 BDL 大鼠中，奥贝胆酸 (INT-747) (5 mg/kg) 显着提高了存活率。用奥贝胆酸 (INT-747) 治疗的 BDL 大鼠显示，仅在回肠中，闭孔claudin-1 的表达显着增加。使用 INT-747 治疗的 BDL 大鼠的回肠中 ZO-1 显着上调[3]。

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细菌易位（BTL）驱动肝硬化的发病机制和并发症。法内脂x激活受体（FXR）是肝脏和肠道胆汁代谢的关键转录调节因子。我们在胆汁淤积性肝损伤大鼠模型中研究了潜在的肠道FXR功能障碍，并评估了FXR激动剂奥贝胆酸(INT-747)对肠道通透性、炎症和BTL的影响。大鼠在胆管结扎后10天内灌胃INT-747或载药，然后评估肠通透性、BTL、紧密连接蛋白表达、免疫细胞募集和回肠、肠系膜淋巴结和脾脏细胞因子表达的变化。辅助体外btl模拟实验采用Transwell支架。经载体处理的胆管结扎大鼠空肠和回肠FXR通路表达均下降，这与通过增加cladin -2表达增加肠道通透性有关，并与局部和全身自然杀伤细胞募集导致干扰素-γ表达增加和BTL增加有关。在INT-747治疗后，自然杀伤细胞和干扰素-γ的表达显著降低，与回肠选择性正常化通透性（上调claudin-1和occludin）和BTL显著降低有关。在体外，干扰素-γ诱导大肠杆菌易位增加，而不受INT-747的影响。在实验性胆汁淤积中，FXR激动剂通过减轻肠道炎症改善回肠屏障功能，导致BTL减少，从而证明了FXR在肠-肝轴中的重要保护作用。

所有新化合物都通过建立的无细胞配体传感实验进行测试，该实验通过荧光共振能量转移来测量SRC1肽对FXR的配体依赖性募集结果如表1所示，奥比胆酸(INT-747；6-ECDCA (6b)是一种非常有效的FXR激动剂，EC50为99 nM。此外，6α-MeCDCA （6a）和6α-PrCDCA （6c）衍生物作为FXR激动剂表现出良好的效力，而6α-BnCDCA衍生物（6d）基本无活性。 在报告基因（hsp70EcRE）2-tk- luc，6a试验中，在HuH7细胞中使用全长人FXR， 6-ECDCA （6b）是一种有效的完全激动剂，EC50为85 nM（图2）。当在核受体LBD-GAL4嵌合受体的标准板上进行测试时，41 μM 6b仅激活FXR(LBD)-GAL4嵌合体（数据未显示）。其他受体在1 μM下未见明显活化。因此，6b是一种有效的选择性甾体FXR激动剂。[1]

大鼠肝细胞暴露于1μM 6-ECDCA引起小异二聚体伴侣（Shp）和胆盐输出泵（bsep）mRNA的3-5倍诱导，胆固醇7α羟化酶（cyp7a1）、氧化甾醇12β羟化酶（cyp8b1）和Na（+）/牛磺胆酸盐共转运肽（ntcp）减少70-80%[2]。

In VivoCharacterization in an Animal Model of Cholestasis. The most potent derivative obeticholic acid (INT-747; 6-ECDCA) (6b) was selected for further characterization in an in vivo model of cholestasis. Male Wistar rats (225−300 g) were catheterized at the right jugular vein using PE-50 polyethylene tubing, and the abdomen was opened through a midline incision. The common bile duct was isolated and cannulated. Saline solution was infused via the external jugular vein at the same infusion rate used later for BA, until a steady state in the bile flow was reached (75 min). BA were then dissolved in saline solution with 2% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.4, and infused for 90 min followed by 60 min of saline infusion. During the treatment, bile samples were collected every 15 min and weighed in order to determine the bile flow. Two protocols were used. In the first protocol, rats were randomly assigned to receive one of the following BA:  LCA (2), 6-ECDCA (6b), or CDCA (1) at 1.0, 1.5, or 3 μmol/kg/min. 6-ECDCA (6b) was also infused at a higher dose (7 μmol/kg/min). In the second protocol, cholestasis was induced by intravenous infusion of LCA (2). Three groups of animals were treated as follows:  LCA (2) (3 μmol/kg/min) alone, LCA (2) plus 6-ECDCA (6b) (3 μmol/kg/min), or LCA (2) plus CDCA (1) (3 μmol/kg/min). The results are shown in Figure 3. Administration of LCA alone at a rate of 3 μmol/kg/min caused a dramatic reduction in bile flow and extensive necrosis of liver cells (Figure 4b, arrow).[1]

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In this study, researchers describe the effect of 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid/obeticholic acid (INT-747; 6-ECDCA), a semisynthetic bile acid derivative and potent FXR ligand, in a model of cholestasis induced by 5-day administration of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (E(2)17alpha) to rats. The exposure of rat hepatocytes to 1 microM 6-ECDCA caused a 3- to 5-fold induction of small heterodimer partner (Shp) and bile salt export pump (bsep) mRNA and 70 to 80% reduction of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (cyp7a1), oxysterol 12beta-hydroxylase (cyp8b1), and Na(+)/taurocholate cotransporting peptide (ntcp). In vivo administration of 6-ECDCA protects against cholestasis induced by E(2)17alpha. Thus, 6-ECDCA reverted bile flow impairment induced by E(2)17alpha, reduced secretion of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid, but increased muricholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid secretion. In vivo administration of 6-ECDCA increased liver expression of Shp, bsep, multidrug resistance-associated protein-2, and multidrug resistance protein-2, whereas it reduced cyp7a1 and cyp8b1 and ntcp mRNA. These changes were reproduced by GW4064, a synthetic FXR ligand. In conclusion, by demonstrating that 6-ECDCA protects against E(2)17alpha cholestasis, the data support the notion that development of potent FXR ligands might represent a new approach for the treatment of cholestatic disorders.[2]

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In this study, researchers evaluated the in vivo effect of obeticholic acid (INT-747; 6-ECDCA) on tissue DDAH expression and insulin sensitivity in the Dahl rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension and IR (Dahl-SS). The data indicates that high salt (HS) diet significantly increased systemic blood pressure. In addition, HS diet downregulated tissue DDAH expression while INT-747 protected the loss in DDAH expression and enhanced insulin sensitivity compared to vehicle controls. Conclusion: This study may provide the basis for a new therapeutic approach for IR by modulating DDAH expression and/or activity using small molecules.[3]

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Dissolved in saline; 7 μmol/kg/min; Infused at the right jugular vein using PE-50 polyethylene tubing

Rat cholestasis model

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Obeticholic acid is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The Cmax of obeticholic acid occurs at approximately 1.5 hours after an oral dose and ranges from 28.8-53.7 ng/mL at doses of 5-10mg. The median Tmax for both the conjugates of obeticholic acid is about 10 hours. One product monograph reports a Tmax of 4.5h for both 5 and 10mg doses. The AUC ranged from 236.6-568.1 ng/h/mL with 5mg to 10 mg doses.
About 87% of an orally administered dose is accounted for in the feces. Less than 3% of the dose can be recovered in the urine.
The volume of distribution of obeticholic acid is 618 L.
Clearance information for obeticholic acid is not readily available in the literature.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
The metabolism of obeticholic acid occurs in the liver. Obeticholic acid is conjugated with glycine or taurine, followed by secretion into bile. The conjugates are then absorbed in the small intestine and then re-enter the liver via enterohepatic circulation. The intestinal microbiota in the ileum converts conjugated obeticholic acid in a deconjugated form that may be either reabsorbed or eliminated. Glycine conjugates account for 13.8% of the metabolites and taurine conjugates account for 12.3%. Another metabolite, 3-glucuronide, may also be formed, but displays little pharmacological activity.

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Biological Half-Life
The biological half-life of obeticholic acid is reported to be 24 hours.

Protein Binding
Obeticholic acid and its metabolic conjugates are >99% plasma protein-bound.

[1]. 6alpha-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), a potent and selective FXR agonist endowed with anticholestatic activity. J Med Chem. 2002 Aug 15;45(17):3569-72.

[2]. Protective effects of 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor ligand, in estrogen-induced cholestasis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 May;313(2):604-12.

[3]. FXR agonist INT-747 upregulates DDAH expression and enhances sensitivity in high-salt fed Dahl rats. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 4;8(4):e60653.

[4]. The FXR Agonist Obeticholic Acid Prevents Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Bacterial Translocation in Cholestatic Rats. Am J Pathol. 2015 Feb;185(2):409-19.

Pharmacodynamics
The activation of the FXR by obeticholic acid acts to reduce the synthesis of bile acids, inflammation, and the resulting hepatic fibrosis. This may increase the survival of patients with PBC, but to date, an association between obeticholic acid and survival in PBC has not been established.

C26H44O4

420.63

420.323

C, 74.24; H, 10.54; O, 15.21

459789-99-2

Obeticholic acid-d5;1992000-80-2;Obeticholic Acid-d4

447715

White to off-white solid powder

1.1±0.1 g/cm3

562.9±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg

108-110

308.3±19.7 °C

0.0±3.5 mmHg at 25°C

1.530

5.68

77.76

3

4

5

30

649

11

C[C@@]([C@]1([H])[C@@H](CC)[C@H]2O)(CC[C@@H](O)C1)[C@]3([H])[C@]2([H])[C@@](CC[C@]4([H])[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O)([H])[C@]4(C)CC3

ZXERDUOLZKYMJM-ZWECCWDJSA-N

InChI=1S/C26H44O4/c1-5-17-21-14-16(27)10-12-26(21,4)20-11-13-25(3)18(15(2)6-9-22(28)29)7-8-19(25)23(20)24(17)30/h15-21,23-24,27,30H,5-14H2,1-4H3,(H,28,29)/t15-,16-,17-,18-,19+,20+,21+,23+,24-,25-,26-/m1/s1

(4R)-4-[(3R,5S,6R,7R,8S,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-6-ethyl-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 5 mg/mL (11.89 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 50.0mg/mL澄清的DMSO储备液加入到900μL 20％SBE-β-CD生理盐水中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 5 mg/mL (11.89 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 50.0 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 4.76 mg/mL (11.32 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 47.6 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.94 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清 EtOH 储备液加入400 μL PEG300 中，混匀；再向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；然后加入450 μL 生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 5 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.94 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% EtOH + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100μL 25.0mg/mL澄清EtOH储备液加入到900μL 20％SBE-β-CD生理盐水中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 6 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.94 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清乙醇储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 7 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.94 mM) (饱和度未知) in 5% DMSO + 95% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 8 中的溶解度: 5 mg/mL (11.89 mM) in 1% Methylcellulose(MC) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 悬浊液; 超声助溶。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。