Rho-associated protein kinas/ROCK; norepinephrine transporter/NET

体外活性：先前的研究表明，在细胞水平上，netarsudil 已被证明能够诱导肌动蛋白应力纤维的损失、细胞形状的改变、粘着斑的损失以及 TM 细胞的细胞外基质组成的变化。 Netarsudil（以前称为 AR-13324）是 ROCK 抑制剂，Ki 为 0.2-10.3 nM。它还抑制去甲肾上腺素转运活性，从而减少房水的产生。细胞测定：先前的研究表明，在细胞水平上，netarsudil 已被证明能够诱导肌动蛋白应力纤维的损失、细胞形状的改变、粘着斑的损失以及 TM 细胞的细胞外基质组成的变化。

在血压正常的猴眼中，盐酸奈达舒地尔（0.04%，50 µL）可降低眼压 (IOP)[1]。在荷兰带兔中，盐酸奈达舒地尔 (0.04%) 导致巩膜外静脉压 (EVP) 显着降低[2]。

在PDB中总共发现了23个ROCK结构。最大和最小分辨率分别为3.4Å和2.93Å。选择7个ROCK-I和2个ROCK-II非冗余结构用于结合测定。在测试的46种化合物（20种异喹啉、15种氨基呋咱、6种苯二氮卓、4种吲唑和1种酰胺）中，与Y-27632相比，34种化合物的ROCK-1对接得分显著更高（p<0.0001）。所有ROCKi类的平均对接得分均高于Y-27632（p＜0.0001）。ROCK-I的异喹啉、氨基呋咱和苯二氮卓类化合物呈现最高对接得分的频率更高；以及ROCK-II的异喹啉和酰胺（补充图S2A）。ROCK-I和II平均对接得分最高的前十种化合物如补充图S2B所示。异喹啉类药物占前十个最高对接得分内药物的70%，其中三种化合物的对接得分强于Ş12。除Y-27632外，ROCK抑制剂之间没有显著差异。有趣的是，计算机分子对接模拟显示，大多数评估的分子，特别是异喹啉、苯二氮卓和酰胺类分子，对ROCK-1和ROCK-2的结合强度高于Y-27632（补充图S2B）。进行了计算机分子对接模拟，将PDB中发现的AR-13324和Y-27632抑制剂的异构体与高分辨率ROCK蛋白偶联。所有测试的AR-13324分子对ROCK-1和-2的对接得分都高于Y-27632。此外，异喹啉、苯二氮卓和酰胺类的PDB分子也显示出比Y-27632异构体更高的平均对接得分（补充图S2B）[3]。

根据制造商的说明，使用EdU掺入Click-iT细胞增殖测定法评估原代CEC的增殖率。评估了两种ROCK抑制剂AR-13324和AR-13503在两种浓度（AR-13324为100 nM或1 M，AR-13503为1 M或10 M）下增强CECs增殖的能力。不添加ROCKi的供体匹配CECs作为阴性对照，而添加Y-27632的CECs作为阳性对照。简言之，使用TS传代的培养的CEC以5 103个细胞/cm2的密度接种到FNC涂布的载玻片上，并在M5 Endo中维持24小时（第1天）。第二天（第2天），将培养基切换到各自的条件，并将细胞再培养24小时。第三天，将细胞在含有10mMof-EdU的M4-F99中孵育24小时。随后，用PBS冲洗样品一次，然后将样品在室温下固定在新制备的4%PFA中15分钟。接下来，用PBS中的3%BSA冲洗样品两次，并在室温下在PBS中0.5%Triton X-100中孵育20分钟以进行封闭和透化。通过荧光叠氮化物偶联Click-iT反应检测掺入的EdU，其中将样品与含有Click-iT-EdU反应缓冲液、CuSO4、叠氮化物缀合的Alexa Fluor 488染料和反应缓冲液添加剂的反应混合物在黑暗中孵育30分钟。之后，用3%BSA冲洗样品，然后在室温下黑暗中在5g/mL Hoechst 33342中孵育10分钟。最后，在PBS中洗涤样品两次，并将样品安装在含有4,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）的Vectashield中。在Zeiss Axioplan 2荧光显微镜下检查标记的增殖细胞。对于每种实验条件，至少分析了250个细胞核[3]。

Animal/Disease Models: Adult female cynomolgus monkeys (3-5 kg)[1]
Doses: 0.04%, 50 μL
Route of Administration: Topically applied to eye
Experimental Results: Reduces IOP in normotensive monkey eyes.

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In Dutch Belted (DB) rabbits (n=11), arterial pressure (AP), IOP, carotid blood flow (BFcar), heart rate (HR), and EVP were measured invasively. Animals were dosed with AR-13324 (0.04%, topical, n=6) once daily for 3 days. On day 3, the animals were anesthetized, and then, measurements were obtained before dosing with AR-13324 or vehicle (n=5) and for 3 h after dosing. The data (mean±standard error of the mean) were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc testing. Retrospective baseline data from prior similar studies in New Zealand White rabbits were also compiled[2].

Absorption
The systemic exposure of netarsudil and its active metabolite, AR-13503, after topical ocular administration of netarsudil opthalmic solution 0.02% once daily (one drop bilaterally in the morning) for eight days in 18 healthy subjects demonstrated no quantifiable plasma concentrations of netarsudil (lower limit of quantitation [LLOQ] 0.100 ng/mL) post dose on Day 1 and Day 8. Only one plasma concentration at 0.11 ng/mL for the active metabolite was observed for one subject on Day 8 at 8 hours post dose.

Route of Elimination
Clinical studies assessing the *in vitro* metabolism of netarsudil using corneal tissue from humans, human plasma, and human liver microsomes and microsomal S9 fractions demonstrated that netarsudil metabolism occurs through esterase activity. Subsequent metabolism of netarsudil's esterase metabolite, AR-13503, was not detectable. In fact, esterase metabolism in human plasma was not detected during a 3 hour incubation.

Volume of Distribution
As netarsudil and its active metabolite demonstrate a high degree of protein binding, it is expected to exhibit a low volume of distribution.

Clearance
The clearance of netarsudil is strongly influenced by its low plasma concetrations following topical administration and absorption and high protein binding in human plasma inn.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
After topical ocular dosing, netarsudil is metabolized by esterases in the eye to its active metabolite, netarsudil-M1 (or AR-13503).

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Biological Half-Life
The half-life of netarsudil incubated *in vitro
with human corneal tissue is 175 minutes.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the use of netarsudil during breastfeeding. Because netarsudil poorly absorbed by the mother after administration to the eye, it is unlikely to adversely affect the breastfed infant. Until more data become available, netarsudil should be used with caution during breastfeeding, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. To decrease the amount of drug that reaches the breastmilk after using eye drops, place pressure over the tear duct by the corner of the eye for 1 minute or more, then remove the excess solution with an absorbent tissue.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

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Protein Binding
The active metabolite of netarsudil, AR-13503 is highly protein bound in plasma, at approximately 60% bound. As AR-13503 is considered to bind less extensively to plasma proteins as its parent netarsudil, the % protein binding of netarsudil may be at least 60% or higher.

[1]. Effect of 0.04% AR-13324, a ROCK, and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, on aqueous humor dynamics in normotensive monkey eyes. J Glaucoma. 2015 Jan;24(1):51-54.

[2]. Effect of AR-13324 on episcleral venous pressure in Dutch belted rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Apr;31(3):146-151.

(1) Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase (ROCK) signaling cascade impacts a wide array of cellular events. For cellular therapeutics, scalable expansion of primary human corneal endothelial cells (CECs) is crucial, and the inhibition of ROCK signaling using a well characterized ROCK inhibitor (ROCKi) Y-27632 had been shown to enhance overall endothelial cell yield. (2) In this study, we compared several classes of ROCK inhibitors to both ROCK-I and ROCK-II, using in silico binding simulation. We then evaluated nine ROCK inhibitors for their effects on primary CECs, before narrowing it down to the two most efficacious compounds-AR-13324 (Netarsudil) and its active metabolite, AR-13503-and assessed their impact on cellular proliferation in vitro. Finally, we evaluated the use of AR-13324 on the regenerative capacity of donor cornea with an ex vivo corneal wound closure model. Donor-matched control groups supplemented with Y-27632 were used for comparative analyses. (3) Our in silico simulation revealed that most of the compounds had stronger binding strength than Y-27632. Most of the nine ROCK inhibitors assessed worked within the concentrations of between 100 nM to 30 µM, with comparable adherence to that of Y-27632. Of note, both AR-13324 and AR-13503 showed better cellular adherence when compared to Y-27632. Similarly, the proliferation rates of CECs exposed to AR-13324 were comparable to those of Y-27632. Interestingly, CECs expanded in a medium supplemented with AR-13503 were significantly more proliferative in (i) untreated vs. AR-13503 (1 μM; * p < 0.05); (ii) untreated vs. AR-13503 (10 μM; *** p < 0.001); (iii) Y-27632 vs. AR-13503 (10 μM; ** p < 0.005); (iv) AR-13324 (1 μM) vs. AR-13503 (10 μM; ** p < 0.005); and (v) AR-13324 (0.1 μM) vs. AR-13503 (10 μM; * p < 0.05). Lastly, an ex vivo corneal wound healing study showed a comparable wound healing rate for the final healed area in corneas exposed to Y-27632 or AR-13324. (4) In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate that various classes of ROCKi compounds other than Y-27632 were able to exert positive effects on primary CECs, and systematic donor-match controlled comparisons revealed that the FDA-approved ROCK inhibitor, AR-13324, is a potential candidate for cellular therapeutics or as an adjunct drug in regenerative treatment for corneal endothelial diseases in humans.[3]

C28H27N3O3.2HCL

526.45

525.158

C, 63.88; H, 5.55; Cl, 13.47; N, 7.98; O, 9.12

1253952-02-1

Netarsudil dimesylate;1422144-42-0; 1254032-66-0; 1253952-02-1 (HCl)

66599892

Typically exists as white to off-white solids at room temperature

94.3Ų

4

5

8

36

678

1

O(C(C1C=CC(C)=CC=1C)=O)CC1C=CC(=CC=1)[C@H](C(NC1C=CC2C=NC=CC=2C=1)=O)CN.Cl.Cl

LDKTYVXXYUJVJM-FBHGDYMESA-N

InChI=1S/C28H27N3O3.2ClH/c1-18-3-10-25(19(2)13-18)28(33)34-17-20-4-6-21(7-5-20)26(15-29)27(32)31-24-9-8-23-16-30-12-11-22(23)14-24;;/h3-14,16,26H,15,17,29H2,1-2H3,(H,31,32);2*1H/t26-;;/m1../s1

[4-[(2S)-3-Amino-1-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]phenyl]methyl 2,4-dimethylbenzoate dihydrochloride

AR13324 HCl; Rhopressa; AR-13324 HCl; AR 13324; AR 13324 HCl; Netarsudil; AR-13324; Netarsudil hydrochloride; Netarsudil dihydrochloride; 1253952-02-1; AR-13324 hydrochloride; Netarsudil (hydrochloride); SE030PF6VE; AR-13324 HCL; Netarsudil (AR-13324) 2HCl; (S)-4-(3-amino-1-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzyl 2,4-dimethylbenzoate dihydrochloride;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
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