Menadione   中文名称: 维生素K3

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Variable and ranges from 10% to 80%
Menadione and its water soluble derivatives ... are absorbed even in the absence of bile ... /and/ enter the bloodstream directly.
Eighteen hr after intracardiac admin of (3)H-menadione ... to rats fed diet deficient in vit k, 78% of (3)H had been excreted in urine, 3% in feces, and 29% remained in animals. Biliary excretion ... observed in dogs, & 5-10% of (14)c had been excreted by this route 12 hr after oral dose of (14)C-menadione.
Vit k accum in liver, spleen, and lungs. /however/ significant amounts are not stored in body for long periods.
VET: ... Menadione or vit k3 absorbed is converted to k2 for utilization, otherwise it is rapidly eliminated via urine.
The pharmacokinetics of menadione (vitamin K3)... were studied in rabbits after iv injection of 75 mg menadiol sodium diphosphate (Synkayvite). ... Plasma clearance was 0.822 L/min. Systemic clearance in RBCs was 0.407 L/min. Apparent volume of distribution was 30.833 L in plasma and 20.488 L in RBCs. Area under the concn-time curve was 32.453 ug min/ml for plasma and 67.219 ug min/ml for RBCs. /Menadiol sodium diphosphate/

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Hepatic
Distribution studies with menadione tritiated in 6,7-position, ((3)H(6,7))-2-methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone, in rats showed that lipophilic metabolite of menadione, menaquinone-4, 2-methyl-3-geranylgeranyl-1,4-naphthaquinone was present in all tissues examined.
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone yields in rat vit k2(20); yields vit k2(45), and vit k2(50) probably in man. /from table/
...Xenobiotics that are reduced by carbonyl reductases include... menadione... .
Menadione is excreted in part as glucuronide and competes with bilirubin for detoxification mechanism of limited capacity in newborn.
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for MENADIONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Hepatic

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Biological Half-Life
The pharmacokinetics of menadione (vitamin K3)... were studied in rabbits after iv injection of 75 mg menadiol sodium diphosphate (Synkayvite). Mean elimination half-life of menadione was 27.17 min in plasma and 35.22 min in red blood cells... . /Menadiol sodium diphosphate/

Toxicity Summary
Menadione (vitamin K3) is involved as a cofactor in the posttranslational gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues of certain proteins in the body. These proteins include the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII (proconvertin), IX (Christmas factor), X (Stuart factor), protein C, protein S, protein Zv and a growth-arrest-specific factor (Gas6). In contrast to the other vitamin K-dependent proteins in the blood coagulation cascade, protein C and protein S serve anticoagulant roles. The two vitamin K-dependent proteins found in bone are osteocalcin, also known as bone G1a (gamma-carboxyglutamate) protein or BGP, and the matrix G1a protein or MGP. Gamma-carboxylation is catalyzed by the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylases. The reduced form of vitamin K, vitamin K hydroquinone, is the actual cofactor for the gamma-carboxylases. Proteins containing gamma-carboxyglutamate are called G1a proteins.

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Interactions
Large doses of salicylates... antagonize vitamin k. ... Cmpd with ... antagonist activity is sulfaquinoxaline, a sulfonamide drug used in veterinary medicine... . /vitamin k/
Vitamin k antagonizes inhibitory effect of /acenocoumarol, phenprocoumon, anisindione, diphenadione, and phenindione/ on hepatic synthesis of vitamin k dependent clotting proteins... . /vitamin k/

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Mouse oral 500 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse ip 50 mg/kg
LD50 Rat ip 75 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse sc 138 mg/kg

Therapeutic Uses
The synthetic water soluble forms of vitamin K (menadione, menadiol) have long since been considered inferior to vitamin K1 (phytonadione) in the treatment of drug-induced hypoprothrombinemia.
Menadione (vitamin K3) a redox cycling quinone, is a clinically important chemotherapeutic agent. ...
Menadione, or vitamin K3 (VK3), a potent oxidative stress inducer, has been recently used as an effective and remarkably safe cytotoxic drug for treatment of several human tumors. ...

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Drug Warnings
... Probably should not be given to newborn infants or women during last few wk of pregnancy.
Menadione is ineffective for the treatment of warfarin and superwarfarin toxicity. It elicits a poor response and should not be used.
Vitamin K /SRP: phytonadione preferred/ must be administered with great care to patients to whom anticoagulants have been given to combat intravascular clotting. ... The vitamin must be "titrated" against the anticoagulant, lest the patient be re-exposed to the same threat of clotting that led to anticoagulants therapy in the first place. No such problem exists in treating persons poisoned accidentally or suicidally by anticoagulant rodenticides. There is no evidence that vitamin K produces in normal persons any excessive tendency of the blood to clot. /vitamin K/
Menadione...can induce hemolysis in individuals who are genetically deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for MENADIONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Menadione (Vitamin K3) is a fat-soluble vitamin precursor that is converted into menaquinone in the liver. Vitamin K1 and K2 are the naturally occurring types of vitamin K. The former, which is also known as phylloquinone, is synthesized by plants and can be found in such foods as spinach, broccoli, lettuce, and soybeans. The latter, sometimes alternatively referred to as menaquinone, is primarily produced by bacteria in the anterior part of the gut and the intestines. Vitamin K3, on the other hand, is one of the many manmade versions of vitamin K. Also called menadione, this yellowish, synthetic crystalline substance is converted into the active form of the K2 vitamin inside of the animal body. While a vitamin K deficiency can be dangerous, especially to infants that may easily suffer from extensive hemorrhaging, an overdose can be as equally detrimental. Newborns that are administered too great a dosage of vitamin K3 can suffer from kernicterus, a form of severe brain damage that may produce decreased movement, loss of appetite, seizures, deafness, mental retardation, and even death. This condition is associated with an abnormally high concentration of bilirubin, a bile pigment, in the tissues of the brain, which can be caused by the presence of K3. For this reason, K3 is less often utilized medically than it was in former times.

C11H8O2

172.1800

172.052

58-27-5

4055

Bright yellow crystals
YELLOW NEEDLES FROM ALC, PETROLEUM ETHER

1.225 g/cm3

304.5ºC at 760 mmHg

105-107 °C(lit.)

113.8ºC

2.011

34.14

0

2

0

13

289

0

O=C1C(C([H])([H])[H])=C([H])C(C2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C21)=O

MJVAVZPDRWSRRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C11H8O2/c1-7-6-10(12)8-4-2-3-5-9(8)11(7)13/h2-6H,1H3

2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中（例如氮气保护），避免吸湿/受潮和光照。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~725.98 mM)
Ethanol : ~9.09 mg/mL (~52.79 mM)
H2O : ~0.1 mg/mL (~0.58 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (12.08 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (12.08 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (12.08 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。