Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I)

当依托莫克不可逆地结合到 CPT-1 的催化位点时，它会抑制 CPT-1 的活性，同时增加移植氧化酶。 Etomoxir 被创建为线粒体外膜定位的线粒体肉毒碱支架扩增酶-1 (CPT-1) 的探针。 Etomoxir 通过充当氧化体增殖剂来刺激心肌中的 DNA 合成和心肌发育。因此，etomoxan 被视为除 CPT1 之外的 PPARα 激动剂。依托莫克西已被提议作为激活心脏突变的靶标。它是环氧乙烷激酶肉毒碱模板转移酶 I 家族的成员。肉毒碱模板转移酶 I 活性在依托莫克西治疗激活后不可逆地转录。因此，线粒体和β-氧化的碱基输入减少，导致细胞质积累和氧化增加。 Etomoxir 的长时间延迟（24 小时）对酶的表达甚至有明显的影响。

Etomoxir 可抑制 BMSC 分化的成骨细胞的减少，并显着抑制高脂肪 (HF) 和 db/db 饮食喂养的小鼠骨矿物质密度 (BMD) 和破骨强度的下降[3]。在喂食 HF 和 db/db 的小鼠中，依托泊昔抑制成骨细胞和小鼠线粒体 ROS 生成的增加[3]。依托莫克舍引起的体内肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-I (CPT-I) 部分抑制不会改变心脏长链脂肪酸的摄取和氧化速率[4]。

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本研究评估了2型糖尿病患者游离脂肪酸（FFA）、ROS产生、线粒体功能障碍与骨密度（BMD）之间的关联，并探讨了其分子机制。db/db和高脂肪（HF）喂养的小鼠接受CPT1、MitoQ抑制剂Etomoxir和P53抑制剂PFT-α的治疗。评估骨代谢因素，分离BMSCs并诱导成骨分化。2型糖尿病患者的FFA、脂质过氧化和mtDNA拷贝数与BMD相关Etomoxir、MitoQ和PFT-α显著抑制了db/db和HF喂养的小鼠BMD和骨断裂强度的降低，并抑制了BMSCs分化成骨细胞的减少。Etomoxir和MitoQ，而不是PFT-α，抑制了db/db和HF喂养的小鼠和成骨细胞线粒体ROS产生的增加。此外，Etomoxir、MitoQ和PFT-α显著抑制了成骨细胞的线粒体功能障碍。此外，db/db和HF喂养的小鼠成骨细胞中的线粒体凋亡被激活，而Etomoxir、MitoQ和PFT-α则抑制了线粒体凋亡。此外，P53的线粒体积累募集Bax并引发凋亡事件的分子事件。这些结果表明，脂肪酸氧化导致ROS产生，激活P53/Bax介导的线粒体凋亡，导致T2DM成骨分化和骨丢失减少。[3]

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尽管CPT-I（肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶-I）通常被认为是线粒体β氧化的主要速率控制位点，但CPT-I是否在心脏的整体LCFA（长链脂肪酸）通量中起限速作用尚不完全清楚。心脏中调节LCFA通量的另一个重要部位是CD36和FABPpm（质膜脂肪酸结合蛋白）促进的跨肌膜LCFA转运。因此，我们探讨了在LCFA-CoA线粒体进入水平上对LCFA通量的慢性药理学阻断在多大程度上会影响肌膜LCFA摄取。每天给大鼠注射生理盐水或依托莫西（一种特定的CPT-I抑制剂），持续8天，剂量为20mg/kg体重。etomoxir治疗的大鼠心脏CPT-I活性降低了44%。与对照组相比，依托莫西治疗的大鼠心脏中CD36和FABPpm的肌浆含量以及LCFA转运能力没有改变。此外，无论是在基础代谢需求下还是在急性诱导的最大代谢需求下，依托莫西治疗大鼠的LCFA摄取和氧化率以及心肌细胞对葡萄糖的摄取率与对照组大鼠没有差异。最后，依托莫西治疗大鼠的心脏没有显示出三酰甘油的积累。因此，CPT-I似乎不是心脏总LCFA通量的主要心率控制位点。肌膜LCFA进入而非线粒体LCFA-CoA进入可能是心脏代谢疾病中LCFA通量正常化的有前景的靶点[4]。

免疫印迹[1] 在shRNA慢病毒感染后5天评估CPT1A蛋白表达。在含有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA-2（50mM Tris-HCl，pH8.0，150mM NaCl，1%NP-40，0.5%脱氧胆酸，0.1%SDS）中裂解细胞。通过SDS-PAGE分离等量的裂解物，并通过电泳将其转移到PVDF膜上。将膜在含0.1%吐温-20（TBS-T）的含5%脱脂乳的TBS（20mM Tris，135mM NaCl）中孵育1小时。封闭后，用含0.5%脱脂乳的含1:500稀释液的抗CPT1A探测膜。在TBS-T中洗涤一系列后，将膜与含1:10000稀释液的HRP缀合的山羊抗兔IgG孵育。使用West Femto SuperSignal化学发光试剂检测抗体结合。用1:2000稀释的小鼠抗β-肌动蛋白单克隆抗体，然后用1:5000稀释的HRP偶联的绵羊抗小鼠IgG测定相对蛋白质负荷。

Animal/Disease Models: 80 male C57BLKS/J lar-Leprdb/db mice[3]
Doses: 1 mg/kg
Route of Administration: Intraperitoneally injected; twice every week
Experimental Results: Serum alkaline phosphatase was increased in db/db mice, which event was Dramatically suppressed by Etomoxir. Serum level of osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, was decreased in db/db mice and Etomoxir markedly inhibited the reduction of osteocalcin. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was elevated in db/db mice which phenomenon was Dramatically suppressed by Etomoxir.

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Animal/Disease Models: Rats[4]
Doses: 20 mg/kg
Route of Administration: Injected daily; for 8 days
Experimental Results: Etomoxir-treated rats displayed a 44% decreased cardiac CPT-I activity.

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Male Lewis rats, weighing 150–200 g, were used in the present study. Animals were kept on a 12 h:12 h light/dark cycle and fed a Purina Chow diet and water ad libitum. The rats were divided into two groups: (1) control and (2) etomoxir. Etomoxir (20 mg/kg of body weight) was dissolved in 0.9% (w/v) NaCl and administered intraperitoneally for 8 days. Control rats received saline. The last injection was given 24 h before the experiment. Ethical approval for all experimental procedures was obtained from the Experimental Animal Committee of the Maastricht University, and the study conforms to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85–23, revised 1996). Animals were anaesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of a nembutal and heparin (3:1) mixture. Subsequently, the heart was removed for LCFA uptake studies and for analyses of transporter protein contents. [4]

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80 male C57BLKS/J lar-Leprdb/db mice and 20 wild type littermates (8 week) were obtained from Model Animal Research Centre, Nanjing University, China. Mice were housed in cages in a limited access room, under temperature (23 ± 2 °C) and humidity (55 ± 5%) condition with a standard light (12 h light/dark) cycle and fed a regular diet. db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups: db/db group, Etomoxir group, MitoQ group, and PFT-α group. In the Etomoxir group, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg Etomoxir twice every week. In the MitoQ group, 50 μmol/L MitoQ was given to the mice in water. Water bottles, containing either MitoQ, were covered with aluminum foil, and all bottles were refilled every 3 days. In the PFT-α group, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg PFT-α twice every week. WT mice were administrated with vehicle instead. The experimental period is 8 weeks. At the end, peripheral blood samples and bone marrow cells were harvested for the assays. 100 C57BL/6 mice obtained from Experimental Animal Centre of Fourth Military Medical University. The mice were randomly divided into five groups: Control group, HF diet group, Etomoxir group, MitoQ group, and PFT-α group. Mice in HF diet, Etomoxir, MitoQ, and PFT-α groups were given high fat diet for 20 weeks and mice in Etomoxir, MitoQ, and PFT-α groups were administrated with Etomoxir, MitoQ, and PFT-α in the last 10 weeks. The administration of Etomoxir, MitoQ, and PFT-α were identical to the treatment in db/db mice. Control mice were administrated with vehicle instead [3].

[1]. The CPT1a inhibitor, etomoxir induces severe oxidative stress at commonly used concentrations.Sci Rep. 2018 Apr 19;8(1):6289.

[2]. Etomoxir mediates differential metabolic channeling of fatty acid and glycerol precursors into cardiolipin in H9c2 cells.J Lipid Res. 2003 Feb;44(2):415-23.

[3]. FFA-ROS-P53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis contributes to reduction of osteoblastogenesis and bone mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 31;5:12724.

[4]. Etomoxir-induced partial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) inhibition in vivo does not alter cardiac long-chain fatty acid uptake and oxidation rates.Biochem J. 2009 Apr 15;419(2):447-55.

2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]-2-oxiranecarboxylic acid ethyl ester is an aromatic ether.
See also: Etomoxir (annotation moved to).

C17H23CLO4

326.81500

320.079

C, 56.17; H, 5.66; Cl, 11.05; Na, 7.17; O, 19.95

82258-36-4

828934-40-3 (S-isomer); Etomoxir sodium salt;828934-41-4; 82258-36-4 (racemate) 124083-20-1 (free acid); 132308-39-5 (potassium salt)

123823

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.163g/cm3

405ºC at 760 mmHg

142.6ºC

1.519

4.001

48.06

0

4

11

22

342

0

CCOC(C1(CO1)CCCCCCOC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)=O

DZLOHEOHWICNIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C17H23ClO4/c1-2-20-16(19)17(13-22-17)11-5-3-4-6-12-21-15-9-7-14(18)8-10-15/h7-10H,2-6,11-13H2,1H3

ethyl 2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate

B-807-54; B 80754; B80754; B-80754

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
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