angrelide 可有效抑制骨髓巨核细胞的形成 (IC50=26 nM) [1]。一种防止骨髓巨核细胞生成的特殊药物是阿那格雷。 angrelide（0.05、0.3 和 1 µM）仅抑制巨核细胞增殖，但不抑制非巨核细胞增殖。阿那格雷导致细胞增殖重新定位到非巨核细胞区室的事实表明它不具有细胞毒性特性[2]。尽管阿那格雷仅在 GIST48 细胞系中表现出温和的作用，但它在亚微摩尔浓度 (IC50= 16 nM) 下可在 GIST882 细胞系中引起细胞毒性 [3]。在体外，阿那格雷可以减少胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）细胞的生长并增加细胞凋亡[3]。

阿那格雷在具有 KIT 外显子 9 突变的 GIST 异种移植小鼠模型中有效，这可能代表治疗问题，因为这些 GIST 需要每日大剂量的伊马替尼 [3]。阿那格雷在源自患者的小鼠异种移植模型中抑制 GIST 的发展。阿那格雷在治疗 GIST 方面具有治疗潜力。阿那格雷在胃肠道间质瘤异种移植模型中表现出抗癌功效[3]。阿那格雷（5 mg/kg/bid）可抑制或减少 GIST2B、GIST9 和 GIST882 模型中的肿瘤生长 [3]。

细胞增殖测定[2]
细胞类型：巨核细胞和非巨核细胞
测试浓度： 0.05、0.3、1 µM
孵育持续时间：12天
实验结果：仅在每个测试浓度下抑制巨核细胞生长

Animal/Disease Models: Adult female athymic mouse GIST2B, GIST3, GIST9, GIST882 model [3]
Doses: 5 mg/kg/bid
Route of Administration: 5 mg/kg/bid or combined with anagrelide and imatinib ( given simultaneously) dose and schedule as a single agent); for 10 days
Experimental Results: Three of the four models (GIST2B, GIST9, GIST882) inhibited or diminished tumor growth. The most potent effect was observed in the GIST2B model, which contains the KIT exon 9 mutation leading to the p.A502_Y503 duplication. The tumor volume of this model diminished by 68% after 10 days of treatment.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Following oral administration, the bioavailability of anagrelide is approximately 70%. Given on an empty stomach, the Cmax is reached within 1 hour (Tmax) of administration. Co-administration with food slightly lowers the Cmax and increases the AUC, but not to a clinically significant extent.
Following metabolism, urinary excretion of metabolites appears to be the primary means of anagrelide elimination. Less than 1% of an administered dose is recovered in the urine as unchanged parent drug, while approximately 3% and 16-20% of the administered dose is recovered as 3-hydroxy anagrelide and RL603, respectively.
Following oral administration of 14C-anagrelide in people, more than 70% of radioactivity was recovered in urine. The available plasma concentration time data at steady state in patients showed that anagrelide does not accumulate in plasma after repeated administration.
The volume of distribution (VolD) is 12 L/kg of body weight.
Limited data indicate probable dose linearly between doses of 500 mg (0.5 mg) and 2 mg. Bioavailability was found to be modestly reduced by an average of 13.8% when anagrelide was administered after food.
The peak plasma level was lowered by an average of 45% and delayed by 2 hours ... when a 0.5 mg dose of anagrelide was taken after food ...
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ANAGRELIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Anagrelide is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), into two major metabolites: 6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-1,5 dihydro-imidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-2-one (3-hydroxy anagrelide) and 2-amino-5,6-dichloro-3,4,-dihydroquinazoline (RL603). The 3-hydroxy metabolite is considered pharmacologically active and carries a similar potency and efficacy in regards to its platelet-lowering effects, but inhibits PDE3 with a potency 40x greater than that of the parent drug.
Anagrelide is extensively metabolized; less than 1% is recovered unchanged in the urine.

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Biological Half-Life
The t_1/2 of anagrelide and its active metabolite, 3-hydroxy anagrelide, are approximately 1.5 hours and 2.5 hours, respectively.
At fasting and at a dose of 0.5 mg, the plasma half-life is 1.3 hours ... .
Elimination: Plasma 1.3 hours (at a dose of 0.5 mg while fasting). Note: Plasma half life was found to be increased (to 1.8 hours) when anagrelide was taken after food. Steady state plasma concentration measurements show no accumulation of anagrelide in plasma with repeated administration.

Hepatotoxicity
In preregistration studies, anagrelide was not associated with serum enzyme elevations or with episodes of clinically apparent liver injury. Since its approval, there has been a single published abstract reporting progressive, ultimately fatal cholestasis after liver transplantation and use of anagrelide, but there have been no other published reports of anagrelide hepatotoxicity in the literature. In large, long term follow up studies there have been occasional instances of transient serum enzyme elevations without jaundice or symptoms. The product label for anagrelide mentions abnormal enzymes as an adverse event but not clinically apparent liver injury, hepatitis or jaundice. However, the general clinical experience with anagrelide has been limited.
Likelihood score: E* (unlikely, but suspected rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the use of anagrelide during breastfeeding. The manufacturer recommends that the drug not be used during breastfeeding and for 1 week after the last dose.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

[1]. Comparison of the biological activities of Anagrelide and its major metabolites in haematopoietic cell cultures. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;146(3):324-32.

[2]. Comparison between Anagrelide and hydroxycarbamide in their activities against haematopoietic progenitor cell growth and differentiation: selectivity of Anagrelide for the megakaryocytic lineage. Leukemia. 2006 Jun;20(6):1117-22.

[3]. Anagrelide for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Mar 1;25(5):1676-1687.

Anagrelide is a 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions. It has a role as an anticoagulant, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, an antifibrinolytic drug and a cardiovascular drug.
Anagrelide is a platelet-reducing agent used to lower dangerously elevated platelet levels (i.e. to treat thrombocythemia) in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. It is an oral imidazoquinazoline that was first approved for use in the US in 1997. It appears to carry a better response rate than other thrombocythemia treatments (e.g. [busulfan], [hydroxyurea]) and may be better tolerated.
Anagrelide is a Platelet-reducing Agent. The mechanism of action of anagrelide is as a Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of anagrelide is by means of Decreased Platelet Production.
Anagrelide is an antithrombotic and platelet reducing agent that is used to treat the thrombocythemia associated with myeloproliferative diseases. Anagrelide has had limited clinical use, but has not been linked to significant serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.
Anagrelide is a synthetic quinazoline derivative, Anagrelide reduces platelet production through a decrease in megakaryocyte maturation. Anagrelide inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, as well as ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. At therapeutic doses, it does not influence white cell counts or coagulation parameters. Anagrelide is used for treatment of essential thrombocythemia to reduce elevated platelet counts and the risk of thrombosis. (NCI04)

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Drug Indication
Anagrelide is indicated for the treatment of thrombocythemia, secondary to malignant neoplasms, to reduce platelet count and the associated risk of thrombosis. It is also beneficial in the amelioration of thrombocythemia symptoms including thrombo-hemorrhagic events.
FDA Label
Anagrelide is indicated for the reduction of elevated platelet counts in at risk essential thrombocythaemia (ET) patients who are intolerant to their current therapy or whose elevated platelet counts are not reduced to an acceptable level by their current therapy. An at-risk patientAn at-risk essential thrombocythaemia patient is defined by one or more of the following features: > 60 years of age ora platelet count > 1,000 x 10⁹/l ora history of thrombo-haemorrhagic events.  
Xagrid is indicated for the reduction of elevated platelet counts in at-risk essential-thrombocythaemia (ET) patients who are intolerant to their current therapy or whose elevated platelet counts are not reduced to an acceptable level by their current therapy. An at-risk patientAn at-risk ET is defined by one or more of the following features: > 60 years of age or; a platelet count > 1000 x 109/l or; a history of thrombohaemorrhagic events.
Treatment of essential thrombocythaemia

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Mechanism of Action
The exact mechanism by which anagrelide lowers platelet count is unclear. Evidence from human trials suggests a dose-related suppression of megakaryocyte maturation, the cells responsible for platelet production - blood drawn from patients receiving anagrelide showed a disruption to the post-mitotic phase of megakaryocyte development and a subsequent reduction in their size and ploidy. This may be achieved via indirect suppression of certain transcription factors required for megakaryocytopoeisis, including GATA-1 and FOG-1. Anagrelide is a known inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A), although its platelet-lowering effects appear unrelated to this inhibition. While PDE3 inhibitors, as a class, can inhibit platelet aggregation, this effect is only seen at higher anagrelide doses (i.e. greater than those required to reduce platelet count). Modulation of PDE3A has been implicated in causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells expressing both PDE3A and SLFN12, and may be of value in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours.
The mechanism by which anagrelide reduces blood platelet count is under investigation. Studies support a hypothesis of dose-related reduction in platelet production resulting from a decrease in megakaryocyte hypermaturation. In blood withdrawn from healthy volunteers treated with anagrelide, a disruption was found in the postmitotic phase of megakaryocyte development and a reduction in megakaryocyte size and ploidy. At therapeutic doses, anagrelide dose not produce significant changes in white cell counts or coagulation parameters and may have a small but clinically insignificant effect on red cell parameters. Platelet aggregation is inhibited in people at doses higher than those required to reduce platelet count. Anagrelide inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation.

C10H7N3OCL2

256.08808

254.996

68475-42-3

Anagrelide hydrochloride;58579-51-4;Anagrelide hydrochloride monohydrate;823178-43-4

135409400

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.8±0.1 g/cm3

376.5±52.0 °C at 760 mmHg

280 °C

181.5±30.7 °C

0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C

1.791

1.96

44.7

1

2

0

16

360

0

O=C1N=C2NC3=C(C(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C3)CN2C1

OTBXOEAOVRKTNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H7Cl2N3O/c11-6-1-2-7-5(9(6)12)3-15-4-8(16)14-10(15)13-7/h1-2H,3-4H2,(H,13,14,16)

6,7-dichloro-3,5-dihydro-1H-imidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-2-one

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。