Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Approximately 90% of orally administered glucosamine (salt form) gets absorbed from the small intestine.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
A significant fraction of ingested glucosamine is catabolized by first-pass metabolism in the liver.

[1]. O-GlcNAc cycling: how a single sugar post-translational modification is changing the way we think about signaling networks. J Cell Biochem. 2006 Jan 1;97(1):71-83.

Aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is the open-chain form of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It has a role as a human metabolite.
The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.
N-Acetylglucosamine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
D-Glucose, 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy- has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana, Homo sapiens, and other organisms with data available.
The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.
See also: Poliglusam (monomer of); Adomiparin (monomer of); Adomiparin Sodium (monomer of) ... View More ...

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Drug Indication
For the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis, by itself or in combination with chondroitin sulfate.

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Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action in relieving arthritic pain and in repair of cartilage is a matter of speculation. Biochemically, glucosamine is involved in glycoprotein metabolism. Glycoproteins, known as proteoglycans, form the ground substance in the extra-cellular matrix of connective tissue. Proteoglycans are polyanionic substances of high-molecular weight and contain many different types of heteropolysaccharide side-chains covalently linked to a polypeptide-chain backbone. These polysaccharides make up to 95% of the proteoglycan structure. In fact, chemically, proteoglycans resemble polysaccharides more than they do proteins. The polysaccharide groups in proteoglycans are called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate. All of the GAGs contain derivatives of glucosamine or galactosamine. Glucosamine derivatives are found in hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfate and heparan sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate contains derivatives of galactosamine. The glucosamine-containing glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid is vital for the function of articular cartilage. GAG chains are fundamental components of aggrecan found in articular cartilage. Aggrecan confers upon articular cartilage shock-absorbing properties. It does this by providing cartilage with a swelling pressure that is restrained by the tensile forces of collagen fibers. This balance confers upon articular cartilage the deformable resilience vital to its function. In the early stages of degenerative joint disease, aggrecan biosynthesis is increased. However, in later stages, aggrecan synthesis is decreased, leading eventually to the loss of cartilage resiliency and to most of the symptoms that accompany osteoarthritis. During the progression of osteoarthritis, exogenous glucosamine may have a beneficial role. It is known that, in vitro, chondrocytes do synthesize more aggregan when the culture medium is supplemented with glucosamine. N-acetylglucosamine is found to be less effective in these in vitro studies. Glucosamine has also been found to have antioxidant activity and to be beneficial in animal models of experimental arthritis. The counter anion of the glucosamine salt (i.e. chloride or sulfate) is unlikely to play any role in the action or pharmacokinetics of glucosamine. Further, the sulfate in glucosamine sulfate supplements should not be confused with the glucosamine sulfate found in such GAGs as keratan sulfate and heparan sulfate. In the case of the supplement, sulfate is the anion of the salt. In the case of the above GAGs, sulfate is present as an ester. Also, there is no glucosamine sulfate in chondroitin sulfate (source: PDRhealth).

C8H15NO6

221.209

221.089

7512-17-6

D-N-Acetylgalactosamine;1811-31-0;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C;253679-94-6;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C2,15N;478529-44-1;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C,15N-1;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C6;1194446-34-8;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C-1;478518-87-5;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C-2;478518-89-7;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-18O;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C-3;478529-39-4;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-15N;478518-85-3;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C,15N;478529-40-7;N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-13C3,15N;478529-43-0

1738118

White to off-white solid powder

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

595.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

201-204ºC

313.9±30.1 °C

0.0±3.8 mmHg at 25°C

1.576

-2.48

127.09

5

6

6

15

221

4

CC(=O)N[C@@H](C=O)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)O

OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-FMDGEEDCSA-N

InChI=1S/C8H15NO6/c1-3(11)9-5-7(13)6(12)4(2-10)15-8(5)14/h4-8,10,12-14H,2H2,1H3,(H,9,11)/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1

N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine

Acetylglucosamine GlcNAc Bio-NAG N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetyl-D-glucosamineNSC 400525 NSC 524344GreenNAG Marine Sweet

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中（例如氮气保护），避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~565.07 mM)
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~452.06 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (14.69 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 32.5 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (14.69 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 32.5 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (14.69 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 32.5 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入900 μL 玉米油中，混合均匀。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: 50 mg/mL (226.03 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶.

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。